The locations and grantee agencies for the 16 demonstration projects are presented in Table 2; contact information is provided as an Appendix. Most projects served families residing in urban areas, although a few served families living in suburban or rural areas.

A. General Service Approaches

The demonstration grantees adopted three general approaches to serving homeless children and families.

• Four projects integrated Head Start services into ongoing shelter or transitional housing facility services for homeless families. In this approach, grantees developed coordinated services relationships with agencies operating family shelters and/or transitional housing facilities. Head Start programs were located in the housing facilities, demonstration project staff focused on meeting children's service needs, and housing facility staff provided parents with case management services, including referrals for services related to self-sufficiency and housing.
• Three projects offered traditional Head Start services and collaborated with other community agencies to provide housing and self-sufficiency services. Grantees implementing this approach collaborated with multiple agencies serving homeless families, rather than coordinating their services with any one agency. The children were either integrated into existing community Head Start centers or placed in special centers established for homeless children. Demonstration project staff provided traditional Head Start services, with collaborating partners expected to meet families' housing and self-sufficiency service needs.
• Nine projects provided housing and self-sufficiency-related services as well as traditional Head Start services. In these projects, special staff were hired to provide families with services related to self-sufficiency and housing. Collaborations with agencies serving homeless families were developed primarily to facilitate referrals to the demonstration project.

The particular approach adopted by the grantees reflected their perceptions of the status of homeless services in their communities. Some grantees, for example, were located in communities that did not have single agencies providing comprehensive services to homeless families. Consequently, they developed collaborations with a wide range of agencies. Other grantees described their communities as lacking adequate services related to self-sufficiency and housing for homeless families. As a result, they hired project staff to provide those services to project families.

Table 2: Demonstration Project Grantees

LOCATION	GRANTEE
Aberdeen, Washington	Coastal Community Action Program
Baltimore, Maryland	Baltimore DHCD Human Services Division
Boston, Massachusetts	Action for Boston Community Development, Inc.
Cedar Rapids, Iowa	Hawkeye Area Community Development, Inc.
Chicago, Illinois	City of Chicago, Department of Human Resources
Columbus, Ohio	Child Development Council of Franklin Country, Inc.
District of Columbia	United Planning Organization
Elmsford, New York	Westchester Community Opportunity Program Inc.
Lexington, Kentucky	Community Action Council for Lexington-Fayette
Minneapolis, Minnesota	Parents in Community Action, Inc.
Madison, Wisconsin	Dane County Parent Council, Inc.
New York, New York	Human Resources Administration
Oakland, California	City of Oakland, Office of Health and Human Services
Phoenix, Arizona	Southwest Human Development, Inc.
Reno, Nevada	Community Services Agency
Seattle, Washington	Puget Sound Educational Services District Head Start